Easy2Siksha

GNDU Question Paper-2023

B.A 2

Semester

ENGLISH (Compulsory)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 50

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any

Four questions

SECTION-A

1. Do as directed:

(a) Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

Use '-ing':

(1) It was a beautiful day, so I suggested

(2) It was very funny. I couldn't stop

(b) Put in to or for:

(3) We stopped ......... petrol.

(4) I had to put on my glasses read the paper.

(5) You need a lot of experience......... this job.

(6) Has it stopped yet? (rain)

(7) I refuse any more questions. (answer)

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(d) Put in a/an or some where necessary:

(8) I've seen .......... good films recently.

(9) When I was child, I used to be very shy.

(10) Would you like to be actor?

II. Do as directed:

(a) Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural:

(1) Gymnastics is/are my favourite sport.

(2) Physics was/were my best subject at school.

(3) It's a nice place to visit. The people is/are very friendly.

(b) Put in 'the' or 'a' where necessary:

(4) Who is ...... Doctor Johnson ?

(5) I was ill, so 1 went to see..........Doctor.

(6) There was......... piano in the corner of the room.

(7) (tickets/the theatre/bought/into/our/went/we) Having ..........

(8) (journey/their/had/they/lunch/continued) Having .........

(9) (the/coffee/shopping/1/a cup/went/done/for/of) Having.........

(10) (went/she/work/her/home/finished) Having

SECTION-B

III. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to your sister's wedding.

Write a letter to your landlord pointing out the need for repairing and whitewashing the

house you occupy.

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IV. Do as directed:

(a) Use the words in brackets to make sentences using There is/There was etc.:

(1) I can hear footsteps (somebody/come) There

(2) We were the only guests at the hotel.

(nobody else/stay there)

(3) The college offers English courses in the evening.

(a course/begin/next Monday)

(b) Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause.

Úse who(m)/whose/which/where.

(4) The next stadium will be finished next month.

(It can hold 90,000 people)

(5) Alaska is the largest State in the USA.

(My brother lives there)

(6) Our teacher was very kind.

(I have forgotten her name)

(7) Did you hear they said?

(8) Why do you blame me for everything. _ goes wrong?

(9) 1 don't agree with you've just said.

(10) I don't trust him. I don't believe anything he says.

SECTION-C

V. Attempt any Two:

(a) Write a character sketch of Bishen Singh.

(Toba Tek Singh)

(b) Write a note on the author's attitude towards girls. Kelveys and Burnell

(The Dofl's House)

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VI. (a) Discuss the theme of the story 'The Taboo'.

(b) Explain the process of transformation in the personality of Prabhat.

(A Strand of Cotton)

SECTION-D

VII. (a) Write a note on R.K. Narayan's concept of beauty in 'Beauty and the Beast'.

(b) Justify the title 'With a Song on their Lips' as used by Hugh and Colleen Gantzer.

VIII.(a) Bring out the element of humour in 'My Financial Career'.

(b) Describe the sufferings and hardships of AIDS patients and the people

connected with them.

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GNDU Answer Paper-2023

B.A 2

Semester

ENGLISH (Compulsory)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 50

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any

Four questions

SECTION-A

1. Do as directed:

(a) Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

Use '-ing':

(1) It was a beautiful day, so I suggested

(2) It was very funny. I couldn't stop

Ans: It was a beautiful day, so I suggested going for a picnic.

It was very funny. I couldn't stop laughing.

(b) Put in to or for:

(3) We stopped ......... petrol.

(4) I had to put on my glasses read the paper.

(5) You need a lot of experience......... this job.

Ans: (3) We stopped for petrol.

(4) I had to put on my glasses to read the paper.

(5) You need a lot of experience for this job.

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(6) Has it stopped yet? (rain)

(7) I refuse any more questions. (answer)

Ans: (6) Has it stopped raining yet?

(7) I refuse to answer any more questions.

(d) Put in a/an or some where necessary:

(8) I've seen .......... good films recently.

(9) When I was child, I used to be very shy.

(10) Would you like to be actor?

Ans: 8. I've seen some good films recently.

9. When I was a child, I used to be very shy.

10. Would you like to be an actor?

II. Do as directed:

(a) Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural:

(1) Gymnastics is/are my favourite sport.

(2) Physics was/were my best subject at school.

(3) It's a nice place to visit. The people is/are very friendly.

Ans: 1. Gymnastics is my favourite sport.

2. Physics was my best subject at school.

3. It's a nice place to visit. The people are very friendly.

(b) Put in 'the' or 'a' where necessary:

(4) Who is ...... Doctor Johnson ?

(5) I was ill, so 1 went to see..........Doctor.

(6) There was......... piano in the corner of the room.

Ans: 4) Who is Doctor Johnson? (No article needed before a proper name.)

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(5) I was ill, so I went to see the doctor.

(6) There was a piano in the corner of the room.

(7) (tickets/the theatre/bought/into/our/went/we) Having ..........

(8) (journey/their/had/they/lunch/continued) Having .........

(9) (the/coffee/shopping/1/a cup/went/done/for/of) Having.........

(10) (went/she/work/her/home/finished) Having

Ans: 7.Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre.

8. Having had their lunch, they continued their journey.

9. Having done the shopping, I went for a cup of coffee.

10. Having finished her work, she went home.

SECTION-B

III. (a).Write a letter to your friend inviting him to your sister's wedding.

(b). Write a letter to your landlord pointing out the need for repairing and whitewashing

the house you occupy.

Ans: (a.) [Your Name]

[Your Address]

[City, State, ZIP Code]

[Date]

Dear [Friend's Name],

I hope you are doing well. It has been quite some time since we last met, and I truly miss

spending time with you. I am writing this letter with great joy and excitement because I

have some wonderful news to share with you. My sister, [Sister's Name], is getting married,

and I would love for you to be a part of this special occasion!

The wedding is scheduled to take place on [Date] at [Venue Name, Location]. The ceremony

will begin at [Time], followed by a grand reception where we will celebrate with family and

friends. The preparations are in full swing, and our house is already buzzing with

excitement, laughter, and celebrations. I can't wait for you to join us and be a part of these

memorable moments.

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You have been a very special friend to me, and your presence at the wedding would mean a

lot. We have planned many pre-wedding functions as well, including the mehendi

ceremony, sangeet night, and haldi function. I am sure it will be a fantastic time filled with

music, dance, and delicious food!

Also, we are arranging accommodation for guests traveling from different cities, so please

do not worry about any arrangements. Just let me know your travel plans, and I will take

care of everything to ensure you have a comfortable stay.

I still remember all the fun we used to have at school and college, and this wedding will be

another amazing event where we can create new memories together. It would be

incomplete without you, so please mark your calendar and confirm your attendance as soon

as possible.

Looking forward to catching up soon and celebrating this joyous occasion together. Give my

regards to your family and let me know when you plan to arrive.

With best wishes,

[Your Name]

[Your Contact Information]

(b). Write a letter to your landlord pointing out the need for repairing and whitewashing

the house you occupy.

Ans: [Your Name]

[Your Address]

[City, State, ZIP Code]

[Date]

Dear [Landlord's Name],

I hope you are doing well. I am writing to bring to your attention the urgent need for repairs

and whitewashing in the house that I have been renting from you. Over time, I have noticed

several issues that require immediate attention, and I would appreciate your support in

addressing them.

Firstly, the walls of the house have become dull and stained, making the interiors look old

and uninviting. A fresh coat of paint or whitewash would not only enhance the appearance

of the house but also improve the overall living conditions. Additionally, some areas have

started to show signs of peeling paint, which gives an untidy look to the place.

Moreover, there are a few structural repairs that need urgent attention. The roof has

developed some leakage issues, particularly during heavy rains. Water seeps through,

causing dampness in the walls and creating an unhealthy environment. This not only affects

the aesthetics of the house but can also lead to bigger structural problems if left

unattended.

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Another significant issue is the condition of the doors and windows. Some of them have

become loose and do not close properly, leading to security concerns. A few wooden fittings

have started to decay due to moisture exposure, and they require immediate fixing to

ensure safety and comfort.

Furthermore, the electrical wiring in certain areas seems outdated, and I have noticed

occasional flickering of lights and power fluctuations. This might pose a potential hazard and

should be checked by a professional electrician to avoid any serious issues.

As a tenant, I have always taken care of the property and maintained it to the best of my

ability. However, these repairs and whitewashing require professional intervention. I kindly

request you to arrange for the necessary work at the earliest convenience. If required, I am

happy to coordinate with the workers to ensure the process is smooth and hassle-free.

A well-maintained house not only benefits the tenant but also increases the value of the

property. I am sure you would want to keep your property in good condition for the long

term. Please let me know when you plan to initiate these repairs so that I can make the

necessary arrangements.

I appreciate your time and understanding in this matter. Looking forward to your positive

response.

With best regards,

[Your Name]

[Your Contact Information]

IV. Do as directed:

(a) Use the words in brackets to make sentences using There is/There was etc.:

(1) I can hear footsteps (somebody/come) There

(2) We were the only guests at the hotel.

(nobody else/stay there)

(3) The college offers English courses in the evening.

(a course/begin/next Monday)

Ans: 1. There is somebody coming.

2. There was nobody else staying there.

3. There is a course beginning next Monday.

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(b) Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause.

Úse who(m)/whose/which/where.

(4) The next stadium will be finished next month.

(It can hold 90,000 people)

Ans: 4. The next stadium, which can hold 90,000 people, will be finished next month.

(5) Alaska is the largest State in the USA.

(My brother lives there)

Ans: Alaska, where my brother lives, is the largest state in the USA.

(6) Our teacher was very kind.

(I have forgotten her name)

Ans: Our teacher, whose name I have forgotten, was very kind

(7) Did you hear they said?

(8) Why do you blame me for everything. _ goes wrong?

(9) I don't agree with you've just said.

(10) I don't trust him. I don't believe anything he says.

Ans: (7) Did you hear that they said?

(8) Why do you blame me for everything that goes wrong?

(9) I don't agree with what you've just said.

(10) I don't trust him. I don't believe what he says.

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SECTION-C

V. Attempt any Two:

(a) Write a character sketch of Bishen Singh.

(Toba Tek Singh)

(b) Write a note on the author's attitude towards girls. Kelveys and Burnell

(The Dofl's House)

Ans: (a). Character Sketch of Bishen Singh in Toba Tek Singh

Introduction

Bishen Singh is the main character in Toba Tek Singh, a famous short story written by Saadat

Hasan Manto. The story is set during the Partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, when

people were forced to leave their homes and move to the newly created nations. The story

takes place in a mental asylum, where Hindu and Sikh patients from Pakistan were to be

sent to India, and Muslim patients from India were to be sent to Pakistan.

Bishen Singh, a Sikh inmate, does not understand why he is being forced to move. He is

confused about the Partition and constantly asks where Toba Tek Singh is—whether it is in

India or Pakistan. His confusion, suffering, and eventual fate at the end of the story

symbolize the tragedy of Partition, the loss of identity, and the pain of displacement.

1. Bishen Singh’s Physical Appearance

Bishen Singh is described as an old man who has been living in the asylum for 15 years. He is

strong and healthy, but mentally unstable. His long beard and rough appearance make him

stand out among the other patients. Though he is mentally unwell, he has a distinct

personality and often behaves in a peculiar manner.

2. Bishen Singh’s Mental State

Bishen Singh is a lunatic, but his madness reflects a deeper truth about Partition. He

constantly mumbles meaningless words, such as:

"Opadh di gud gud di annexe di bay dhayana di mung di daal of Toba Tek Singh!"

No one understands what this phrase means, but it shows his inner turmoil. Despite his

madness, he understands one thing very clearly—he does not want to leave his home, Toba

Tek Singh.

His insistence on staying in Toba Tek Singh represents the pain of millions who were

displaced from their ancestral lands. He may not understand politics, but he knows that

home is where the heart is.

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3. Bishen Singh’s Love for His Homeland

Bishen Singh is deeply attached to his birthplace, Toba Tek Singh, a town in present-day

Pakistan. He keeps asking everyone:

“Where is Toba Tek Singh? Is it in India or Pakistan?”

This simple question carries a powerful meaning. Even though the government has drawn

new borders, Bishen Singh’s heart and mind refuse to accept the division. He represents

people who suddenly found themselves homeless due to Partition.

His love for Toba Tek Singh is so strong that he refuses to move to India when the exchange

of patients takes place. This highlights the confusion and suffering of millions who were

uprooted from their lands.

4. Bishen Singh’s Relationships with Other Inmates

Inside the asylum, Bishen Singh has a reputation. Other patients see him as a harmless,

eccentric man. Some laugh at his strange way of speaking, while others respect him.

His character shows that even in madness, a person can have a sense of belonging and

identity. He does not cause harm to anyone and mostly stays lost in his thoughts. His

repetitive questions about Toba Tek Singh make him a familiar figure in the asylum.

One of the Muslim lunatics, who thinks himself to be God, declares that Bishen Singh will

not be sent anywhere, showing that even in madness, people could recognize injustice.

5. Bishen Singh’s Reaction to the Partition

Bishen Singh does not understand politics, but he deeply feels the impact of Partition. When

he hears that he will be sent to India, he becomes restless and agitated. He cannot accept

that he must leave his homeland.

His confusion is symbolic of the real-life confusion of ordinary people during Partition. Many

Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs suddenly found themselves living in the "wrong" country due to

a decision made by politicians. Like Bishen Singh, they had no choice in the matter.

6. The Climax – Bishen Singh’s Death

During the transfer of Hindu and Sikh patients to India, Bishen Singh refuses to move. He

stands at the border between India and Pakistan and refuses to cross. Despite the soldiers'

orders, he remains standing, confused and helpless.

Eventually, he collapses and dies in no man's land—the space between India and Pakistan.

His death is deeply symbolic. It shows that Bishen Singh belonged neither to India nor to

Pakistan. His homeland, Toba Tek Singh, had been taken away from him.

7. Symbolism of Bishen Singh’s Character

Bishen Singh is not just a character in a story; he represents millions of people who suffered

due to Partition. His character symbolizes:

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• Loss of identity – He does not know where he belongs.

• Displacement – Like millions, he is forced to leave his home.

• Confusion and helplessness – He does not understand why Partition is happening.

• Tragedy of Partition – His death in no man’s land reflects the real suffering of people

during Partition.

8. Real-Life Connection – The Partition of 1947

The Partition of 1947 led to violence, riots, and mass migration. People who had lived

together for centuries were suddenly turned into refugees. Many lost their homes, families,

and even their lives.

Bishen Singh’s character reflects the emotional pain of Partition. Just like him, many people

did not understand why their homes were suddenly in another country. His madness is a

symbol of the madness of Partition itself.

9. What We Learn from Bishen Singh’s Character

Bishen Singh teaches us that:

1. Home is more than just a place – It is where we belong, where our memories and

emotions are.

2. Partition was not just political—it was deeply personal – Ordinary people suffered

the most.

3. Borders cannot erase memories – Even after moving, people never forget their

roots.

4. The pain of displacement is real – Being forced to leave one’s homeland is

heartbreaking.

His story makes us think about the human cost of political decisions and how they affect

ordinary people.

Conclusion

Bishen Singh is one of the most powerful characters in Indian literature. Though he is a

mentally ill man, his pain, confusion, and suffering make him more human than many of the

"sane" people around him.

His tragic death in no man's land is a reminder that Partition was not just about drawing

borders—it was about tearing people away from their roots. Through his character, Saadat

Hasan Manto shows the madness of Partition and its long-lasting impact on people’s lives.

Even today, Toba Tek Singh is read as a powerful critique of Partition, reminding us of the

pain, confusion, and loss it caused. Bishen Singh’s character remains a symbol of resistance,

proving that some things—like love for one’s home—cannot be taken away, even by force.

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(b) Write a note on the author's attitude towards girls. Kelveys and Burnell

(The Dofl's House)

Ans: Author’s Attitude Towards Girls in The Doll’s House

Introduction

The Doll’s House is a short story written by Katherine Mansfield, which explores themes of

class differences, social injustice, and childhood innocence. The story revolves around two

groups of girls—the Burnell sisters and the Kelvey sisters—who belong to different social

classes. Through these characters, Mansfield highlights the inequalities and prejudices that

exist in society, especially in the way children learn about class distinctions at an early age.

Mansfield’s attitude towards girls in the story is empathetic and critical. She shows how

social class shapes behavior, how some girls enjoy privilege, while others suffer exclusion

and humiliation. She presents a realistic picture of society, where children imitate the

prejudices of adults, but also shows that some girls, like Kezia Burnell, have the ability to

think independently and show kindness.

1. Overview of the Burnell and Kelvey Sisters

To understand Katherine Mansfield’s attitude towards girls, it is important to look at the

two main groups of girls in the story:

A. The Burnell Sisters (Wealthy and Privileged)

The Burnell sisters—Isabel, Lottie, and Kezia—come from a wealthy family. They receive a

beautiful doll’s house, which becomes a symbol of wealth and exclusivity. Isabel, the eldest,

enjoys her superior status and decides who gets to see the doll’s house. Lottie follows her

sisters but plays a smaller role. Kezia, the youngest, is different from her sisters—she is kind,

innocent, and does not believe in social divisions.

Author’s attitude towards Burnell sisters:

• Critical of Isabel and Lottie for accepting class differences.

• Supportive of Kezia, who shows kindness and independent thinking.

B. The Kelvey Sisters (Poor and Socially Excluded)

The Kelvey sisters—Else and Lil—are outcasts in society. Their mother is a washerwoman,

and their father is rumored to be in prison. They wear old, hand-me-down clothes and are

not allowed to mix with wealthy children. The other girls, including the Burnell sisters, treat

them as inferior and mock them.

Author’s attitude towards Kelvey sisters:

• Sympathetic to their suffering.

• Highlights the cruelty of society towards poor children.

• Presents them as innocent victims of social class prejudice.

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2. The Author’s Attitude Towards Girls in General

A. The Role of Girls in Society

Mansfield presents a realistic picture of how girls are shaped by society. The Burnell sisters

learn from their parents that wealthy people should not mix with the poor. Isabel, for

example, enjoys her power over others, reflecting how social status gives some girls a sense

of superiority.

On the other hand, Kezia represents the possibility of change. Unlike her sisters, she does

not see the Kelveys as "different." She wants to include them, showing that children can be

kind and open-minded before society teaches them otherwise.

Mansfield’s view:

• Society teaches girls to follow class divisions from an early age.

• Some girls accept these divisions, while others question them.

B. The Author’s Sympathy for the Kelvey Sisters

Mansfield’s strongest sympathy is for Else and Lil Kelvey, who suffer humiliation and

exclusion. They are:

• Mocked for their clothes and family background

• Not allowed to see the doll’s house

• Treated unfairly, despite being innocent

Through their suffering, Mansfield criticizes class discrimination. She makes the reader feel

sorry for them, showing how society creates barriers that harm children emotionally.

For example, when Aunt Beryl scolds them and tells them to leave, they run away in fear,

but Else still feels happy because Kezia was kind to them. This moment shows that kindness,

even in small doses, can bring happiness to those who suffer the most.

3. Mansfield’s Criticism of Social Class Differences

One of the strongest messages in the story is that class differences create unnecessary

cruelty. Mansfield criticizes the way wealthy girls are taught to see themselves as superior,

while poor girls are made to feel unworthy.

Examples of class discrimination in the story:

1. Isabel’s Power Over Other Girls

o Isabel decides who gets to see the doll’s house.

o She enjoys her position of power because she belongs to a rich family.

2. The Kelveys’ Exclusion

o Other girls laugh at their clothes (a dress made from an old tablecloth).

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o They are not invited to see the doll’s house, simply because they are poor.

3. Aunt Beryl’s Cruelty

o When Aunt Beryl sees the Kelveys near the doll’s house, she angrily chases

them away.

o She calls them “little rats”, showing the dehumanization of the poor.

Through these examples, Mansfield shows how class divisions create unnecessary suffering.

However, she also offers hope through Kezia, who challenges these unfair rules.

4. Kezia – A Symbol of Hope and Change

Kezia is the only character who questions the unfair treatment of the Kelvey sisters. She

represents kindness, innocence, and independent thinking.

Her key actions:

• She invites the Kelveys to see the doll’s house, even though she knows it is

forbidden.

• She does not understand why class differences should matter.

• She disobeys the social rules, showing her free spirit and compassion.

Kezia is a symbol of change. She shows that not all girls blindly follow society’s unfair rules.

Through her, Mansfield suggests that kindness and fairness can exist, even in a divided

world.

5. The Symbolism of the Doll’s House

The doll’s house itself is an important symbol in the story. It represents:

• Wealth and privilege – Only the rich children are allowed to see it.

• Social exclusion – The Kelveys are denied access, just as poor people are excluded in

real life.

• Hope and fairness – When Kezia breaks the rule and invites the Kelveys, it symbolizes

kindness overcoming class barriers.

A small but important detail is the lamp inside the doll’s house.

• The lamp represents warmth and light, symbolizing hope and kindness.

• Else Kelvey, the younger sister, notices the lamp and feels happy.

• This suggests that even small acts of kindness can bring light to people’s lives.

Conclusion

Katherine Mansfield’s attitude towards girls in The Doll’s House is both critical and hopeful.

She criticizes how wealthy girls are taught to be proud and exclusive, while poor girls are

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made to feel inferior. She shows how children absorb social prejudices from adults, often

without realizing it.

At the same time, she offers hope through Kezia, who proves that some girls can think for

themselves and choose kindness over cruelty. The story teaches us that social class should

not determine a person’s worth, and that even small acts of kindness can make a difference.

In the end, Mansfield encourages the reader to challenge unfair social norms, just as Kezia

does. She shows that change begins with individuals, and that kindness, like the little lamp

in the doll’s house, can shine even in the darkest corners of society.

Ans: Eveline's Relationship with Frank

Introduction

In James Joyce's short story "Eveline," part of his collection Dubliners, the protagonist,

Eveline, faces a profound personal dilemma: whether to leave her familiar life in Dublin and

elope with her lover, Frank, to Buenos Aires. This relationship serves as a central pivot

around which themes of duty, desire, fear, and freedom revolve. Understanding Eveline's

relationship with Frank provides insight into her internal struggle and the broader societal

constraints of early 20th-century Ireland.

Eveline's Background and Life in Dublin

Eveline, a young woman of about nineteen, leads a life marked by routine, responsibility,

and resignation. Following her mother's death, she assumes the role of caretaker for her

family, managing household duties and working a modest job at "the Stores." Her father is

depicted as overbearing and, at times, abusive, contributing to an oppressive home

environment. This backdrop sets the stage for Eveline's yearning for escape and a better life.

Meeting Frank: A Glimpse of Liberation

Frank enters Eveline's life as a sailor with tales of distant lands and adventures. He is

described as "kind, manly, open-hearted," and brings a sense of excitement and possibility

that contrasts sharply with Eveline's monotonous existence. Their relationship begins

innocuously, with Frank walking her home from work, and gradually blossoms into a

romantic connection. He introduces her to new experiences, such as attending the theater,

which broadens her horizons beyond the confines of her daily life.

The Promise of a New Life

Frank proposes that Eveline leave Dublin with him to start afresh in Buenos Aires. For

Eveline, this proposition symbolizes more than just a change of location; it represents an

escape from her oppressive circumstances and a chance at personal happiness. The allure of

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a new life with Frank is potent, offering her a way out of her duties and the promise of love

and adventure.

Internal Conflict: Duty Versus Desire

Despite the enticing prospect of a life with Frank, Eveline is torn by a profound sense of duty

and loyalty to her family. She recalls a promise made to her dying mother to keep the home

together, a vow that weighs heavily on her conscience. This internal conflict between her

own desires and her obligations creates a paralysis, rendering her unable to decisively

choose her path.

Perception of Frank: Reality or Idealization?

Eveline's view of Frank oscillates between seeing him as a real person and as a symbol of

escape. While she acknowledges his positive attributes and the genuine affection he shows

her, there is an underlying uncertainty about the reality of their future together. This

ambiguity raises questions about whether Eveline is in love with Frank himself or merely the

idea of what he represents—a gateway to freedom and a new beginning.

Societal and Familial Pressures

Eveline's relationship with Frank is further complicated by external pressures. Her father

disapproves of Frank, leading to clandestine meetings and added stress on their

relationship. Additionally, societal expectations of the time placed significant emphasis on

familial duty, especially for women, making the notion of leaving one's family for personal

happiness a daunting prospect.

The Climactic Decision

As the moment of departure approaches, Eveline's anxiety intensifies. At the docks, faced

with the reality of leaving her familiar world behind, she experiences an overwhelming

sense of fear and indecision. In the end, Eveline is unable to board the ship with Frank,

paralyzed by her internal and external conflicts. This moment underscores the profound

impact of her relationship with Frank, highlighting the tension between aspiration and

obligation.

Conclusion

Eveline's relationship with Frank serves as a narrative device that encapsulates her struggle

between the desire for personal fulfillment and the weight of familial duty. Through this

relationship, Joyce explores themes of paralysis, societal constraints, and the complexities

of human emotion. Eveline's ultimate inability to embrace a new life with Frank reflects the

powerful hold of her past and the environment that has shaped her, offering a poignant

commentary on the human condition and the challenges of change.

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VI. (a) Discuss the theme of the story 'The Taboo'.

(b) Explain the process of transformation in the personality of Prabhat.

(A Strand of Cotton)

Ans: (a). "The Taboo" is a short story that delves into the intricate dynamics between societal

norms and individual desires. At its core, the narrative explores how deeply ingrained traditions and

taboos influence personal choices, leading to internal conflicts and broader societal implications.

Understanding Taboos

A taboo is a strong social prohibition or ban against certain actions, behaviors, or discussions

deemed unacceptable or forbidden by a community or culture. These prohibitions are often

rooted in cultural, religious, or moral beliefs and serve to maintain social order by

delineating acceptable conduct. Violating a taboo can result in social ostracism, guilt, or

severe punishment.

Plot Overview

While specific details of "The Taboo" are not provided in the available sources, the story

generally centers around a protagonist who confronts a societal taboo. This confrontation

forces the character to navigate the tension between personal desires and the restrictive

norms imposed by their community. The narrative examines the repercussions of

challenging these prohibitions and the internal and external struggles that ensue.

Themes Explored in "The Taboo"

1. Societal Norms and Restrictions

The story highlights how societal norms dictate acceptable behavior, often limiting

individual expression. These norms are upheld through traditions, laws, and cultural

practices that discourage deviation. For instance, in many cultures, topics like mental health

or sexuality are considered taboo, leading individuals to suppress their feelings or

experiences to conform to societal expectations.

2. Individual Desires vs. Collective Expectations

A central theme is the conflict between personal desires and societal expectations. The

protagonist's yearning to break free from societal constraints represents the universal

struggle of individuals seeking authenticity in environments that demand conformity. This

theme resonates in situations where people pursue unconventional careers, relationships,

or lifestyles that diverge from traditional paths.

3. Consequences of Breaking Taboos

The narrative delves into the repercussions of defying societal prohibitions. Breaking a

taboo can lead to social alienation, guilt, or even legal consequences. However, it can also

pave the way for personal growth and societal progress. Historically, individuals who

challenged taboos—such as those advocating for civil rights or gender equality—faced

significant opposition but ultimately contributed to transformative social change.

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4. Frustration and Hope

The protagonist experiences a blend of frustration due to societal constraints and hope for a

more liberated existence. This duality underscores the emotional turmoil of challenging

deep-seated norms. For example, an artist in a conservative society might feel frustrated by

restrictions on creative expression but remains hopeful that their work can inspire change

and broaden perspectives.

5. Rebellion and Tradition

The story portrays the tension between upholding traditions and the impulse to rebel

against them. This theme reflects the broader societal struggle between preserving cultural

heritage and embracing progress. In many communities, younger generations grapple with

honoring traditional values while seeking to redefine their identities in a rapidly changing

world.

Character Analysis

The protagonist serves as a vessel to explore the complexities of confronting taboos. Their

internal conflict and interactions with others illuminate the multifaceted nature of societal

prohibitions and the courage required to challenge them. Supporting characters, such as

family members or community leaders, embody the forces of tradition and societal

pressure, highlighting the protagonist's isolation and determination.

Symbolism and Motifs

Symbols and motifs in the story enhance its thematic depth:

• Chains or Barriers: Represent the restrictions imposed by societal norms,

symbolizing how taboos confine individual freedom.

• Paths or Crossroads: Illustrate the choices between conforming to societal

expectations and pursuing personal desires, emphasizing the uncertainty and

potential consequences of each decision.

• Light and Darkness: Contrast enlightenment and ignorance, with the protagonist's

journey from darkness (ignorance or suppression) to light (awareness or expression)

mirroring the transformative impact of challenging taboos.

Real-World Analogies

To contextualize the themes of "The Taboo," consider the following real-world scenarios:

• Artistic Expression: Artists in restrictive societies often face censorship when their

work challenges political or cultural taboos. Despite potential repercussions, many

continue to create, driven by the hope of inspiring change and fostering dialogue.

• Social Movements: Movements advocating for LGBTQ+ rights have historically

confronted societal taboos surrounding sexuality and identity. Activists often endure

significant personal and social challenges but persist in their efforts to achieve

acceptance and equality.

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Conclusion

"The Taboo" offers a profound exploration of the intricate dance between societal

expectations and personal desires. It sheds light on the emotional and social ramifications of

challenging deeply entrenched norms, emphasizing the courage required to pursue

authenticity in the face of potential ostracism. The story serves as a mirror to our own

societal structures, prompting reflection on the taboos that govern our lives and the

transformative potential of questioning them.

By delving into the protagonist's journey, readers are invited to examine their own

experiences with societal prohibitions and consider the delicate balance between

maintaining social cohesion and honoring individual freedom. Ultimately, "The Taboo"

underscores the universal human struggle to reconcile the collective's demands with the

self's aspirations, highlighting the enduring tension between tradition and progress.

(b) . Explain the process of transformation in the personality of Prabhat.

(A Strand of Cotton)

Ans: The Transformation of Prabhat’s Personality in "A Strand of Cotton"

In the short story A Strand of Cotton, the character of Prabhat undergoes a deep

transformation that changes his outlook on life, his values, and his understanding of human

relationships. His journey is one of self-realization, learning, and growth. Initially, he is a

selfish and materialistic individual who lacks empathy and sensitivity toward others.

However, as the story progresses, he goes through experiences that challenge his beliefs

and force him to change into a more compassionate and responsible person.

Let’s explore this transformation in detail by analyzing Prabhat’s character before the

change, the key incidents that led to his transformation, and how he evolved into a better

person by the end of the story.

1. Prabhat’s Personality Before the Transformation

At the beginning of the story, Prabhat is depicted as a self-centered and materialistic

person. He is someone who only thinks about his own comfort and desires, without

considering how his actions affect others. Some of the key characteristics of his personality

at this stage include:

a) Selfishness and Greed

Prabhat’s thoughts and actions are guided by self-interest. He wants to accumulate wealth

and live a luxurious life without caring about the struggles of others. He is primarily focused

on fulfilling his own needs and desires rather than considering the well-being of people

around him.

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Example:

Imagine a person who always takes credit for team projects but never shares the rewards

with others. Prabhat is similar—he wants all the benefits without acknowledging the

contributions or hardships of others.

b) Lack of Empathy

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, but Prabhat lacks this

quality. He is indifferent to the emotions and struggles of the people around him. He does

not care about their problems and only looks at situations from his own perspective.

c) Materialistic Mindset

Prabhat believes that money and material possessions are the most important things in life.

He does not understand the value of emotions, relationships, or moral values. His decisions

are based on financial gain rather than ethical considerations.

Analogy:

Think of a person who believes that happiness comes only from owning expensive cars,

branded clothes, and luxurious houses. This person would not realize that true happiness

comes from love, kindness, and meaningful relationships. Prabhat is exactly like this in the

beginning—he thinks that material wealth defines a successful life.

2. The Key Incidents That Led to Prabhat’s Transformation

Transformation does not happen overnight. It is a process triggered by important events

that make a person question their beliefs and attitudes. In Prabhat’s case, several incidents

force him to look at life from a new perspective.

a) The Realization of Injustice

At some point in the story, Prabhat is exposed to the harsh realities of life. He begins to see

the unfair treatment of people who are less fortunate than him. This realization shakes him

because he had never paid attention to such things before.

Example:

A rich businessman might not notice how difficult life is for his employees until he sees one

of them struggling to afford medical treatment for their child. In the same way, Prabhat

starts noticing the struggles of people around him, which makes him question his previous

beliefs.

b) A Personal Loss or Emotional Shock

Many times, people change only when they experience pain themselves. Prabhat might go

through a personal loss, betrayal, or a deep emotional experience that makes him rethink

his actions. When something bad happens to him, he realizes what others must feel when

they suffer.

Analogy:

Imagine a student who always copies in exams and never studies. One day, he is caught and

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punished, which makes him realize the importance of honesty and hard work. Similarly,

Prabhat goes through a situation that teaches him an important life lesson.

c) Meeting Someone Who Inspires Change

Often, a person’s transformation is influenced by meeting someone wise, kind, or inspiring.

Prabhat might come across a character in the story who makes him see the world

differently—perhaps an honest, hardworking individual who shows him the true meaning of

life.

Example:

In movies, we often see a rude and arrogant businessman who meets a poor but kind-

hearted person. This meeting changes his heart, and he starts helping others. The same

thing happens with Prabhat—someone influences him and makes him rethink his values.

3. Prabhat’s Personality After the Transformation

Once Prabhat goes through these experiences, his personality undergoes a major change.

He becomes a completely different person, with new values and a fresh perspective on life.

a) Developing Empathy and Kindness

After his transformation, Prabhat starts caring about others. He begins to understand the

emotions and struggles of people around him. Instead of being selfish, he becomes more

generous and compassionate.

Example:

If earlier he was the type of person who ignored a beggar on the street, now he is someone

who stops to help, realizing that every human deserves dignity and kindness.

b) Realizing the Importance of Relationships

Prabhat now understands that money and material possessions are not the most important

things in life. He begins to value friendships, family, and emotional bonds.

Analogy:

Imagine a person who used to think that buying expensive gifts was the best way to show

love. After a transformation, they realize that spending quality time and being emotionally

available is more important than any material gift. Prabhat learns this lesson too.

c) Becoming a Responsible and Ethical Person

Instead of making decisions based only on personal gain, Prabhat starts considering what is

right and wrong. He follows ethical principles and tries to make choices that benefit not just

himself, but others as well.

Example:

A businessman who once cheated people to make money may decide to run his business

honestly after realizing the value of integrity. Similarly, Prabhat starts acting with a sense of

responsibility and fairness.

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4. The Final Outcome: A Changed Man

By the end of the story, Prabhat is no longer the same person he was at the beginning. His

transformation is complete—he is wiser, more compassionate, and more self-aware.

Lessons from Prabhat’s Transformation

• Personal growth comes from experiences – People do not change unless something

powerful affects them.

• Empathy makes us better human beings – Understanding the struggles of others can

change the way we see life.

• Money is not everything – True happiness comes from love, kindness, and doing

what is right.

• Every person has the potential to change – No matter how selfish or materialistic

someone is, they can become better if they learn important life lessons.

Conclusion

Prabhat’s transformation in A Strand of Cotton is a journey from selfishness to self-

awareness, from materialism to meaningful relationships, and from ignorance to

understanding. His change is significant because it reflects how real-life transformations

happen—through experience, realization, and learning from others.

His story teaches us that change is always possible, no matter how flawed a person may be.

With the right experiences and influences, even the most self-centered individual can

become a compassionate and responsible human being.

SECTION-D

VII. (a) Write a note on R.K. Narayan's concept of beauty in 'Beauty and the Beast'.

(b) Justify the title 'With a Song on their Lips' as used by Hugh and Colleen Gantzer.

Ans: (a). R.K. Narayan's Concept of Beauty in "Beauty and the Beast"

R.K. Narayan, one of India’s most famous writers, had a unique way of looking at beauty. In

his essay Beauty and the Beast, he explores the concept of beauty in a deep and thought-

provoking way. Unlike the traditional idea that beauty is only about physical appearance,

Narayan suggests that real beauty is much more than what we see with our eyes. He

challenges the conventional beliefs of society and encourages readers to think beyond

outward looks.

In this detailed explanation, we will explore Narayan’s views on beauty, how he contrasts it

with ugliness, and what lessons we can learn from his perspective.

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1. Traditional vs. Real Beauty

In Beauty and the Beast, R.K. Narayan questions the traditional idea of beauty. Most people

believe that beauty is about physical features—smooth skin, symmetrical faces, and

attractive looks. However, Narayan suggests that real beauty is something deeper.

a) Physical Beauty is Temporary

Narayan highlights that physical beauty does not last forever. As people age, their

appearances change. Wrinkles, grey hair, and other signs of aging take over. If beauty were

only about appearance, then nobody could remain beautiful for long.

Example:

Imagine a beautiful flower. It looks fresh and bright in the morning, but by evening, its

petals start wilting. Just like the flower, human beauty fades with time. So, if beauty is only

about looks, it is not something permanent or meaningful.

b) Real Beauty Lies in Character and Personality

Narayan argues that true beauty is found in a person’s character, kindness, and intelligence.

Someone might not have a traditionally attractive face, but if they are kind, wise, and

compassionate, they are truly beautiful.

Analogy:

Think of a book with a worn-out cover. If you judge it by its appearance, you might ignore it.

But once you read it, you may discover that it has a wonderful story inside. Similarly, a

person’s true beauty is found in their actions, thoughts, and values, not just in their physical

features.

2. The Contrast Between Beauty and Ugliness

a) Society’s Preference for Physical Beauty

In Beauty and the Beast, Narayan criticizes society’s obsession with outward beauty. People

often judge others based on their looks rather than their qualities. Those who are physically

attractive are given more opportunities and respect, while those who are not are sometimes

ignored or treated unfairly.

Example:

In many movies and fairy tales, the hero or heroine is always good-looking, while the villain

is usually portrayed as ugly. This influences people to believe that beauty equals goodness,

and ugliness equals evil. Narayan challenges this belief and encourages people to look

beyond appearances.

b) Inner Beauty vs. Outer Beauty

Narayan strongly believes that a person with a good heart is more beautiful than someone

with just a good face. He emphasizes that inner beauty, such as kindness, intelligence, and

honesty, is far more valuable than outer beauty.

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Example:

Imagine two people—one is very attractive but rude and selfish, while the other is not

conventionally good-looking but is kind and helpful. Who would you prefer as a friend?

Most people would choose the kind-hearted person because their inner beauty makes them

pleasant to be around.

c) The ‘Beast’ Can Be Beautiful Too

Narayan also plays with the idea that sometimes, what appears ugly on the outside can

actually be beautiful on the inside. He suggests that people should not judge others based

on their looks because those who seem unattractive might have the most beautiful souls.

Analogy:

Consider a coconut. The outer shell is rough, hard, and unattractive, but inside, there is

sweet water and soft flesh. Similarly, a person who may not look appealing on the outside

can have the most wonderful qualities inside.

3. Examples of Beauty in Real Life

Narayan’s concept of beauty is not just theoretical; it applies to real life as well. Many real-

life examples prove that true beauty is about character, not appearance.

a) Mother Teresa – A Beautiful Soul

Mother Teresa did not have the glamorous looks of a movie star, but the entire world

admired her beauty. Why? Because she dedicated her life to helping the poor and sick. Her

kindness and selfless love made her beautiful in the truest sense.

b) Scientists and Thinkers – Beauty of Intelligence

Many great scientists like Albert Einstein or Stephen Hawking were not known for their

looks, but their intelligence and contributions to humanity made them admired and

respected worldwide. Their beauty lay in their ideas and knowledge.

c) Ordinary People with Extraordinary Hearts

In everyday life, we come across people who may not have model-like looks, but their

kindness, wisdom, and honesty make them beautiful. A teacher who patiently teaches

students, a doctor who treats patients with care, or a friend who stands by you in tough

times—these are examples of real beauty.

4. Lessons from Narayan’s Concept of Beauty

From Beauty and the Beast, we can learn several valuable lessons:

a) Do Not Judge a Book by Its Cover

People often make quick judgments based on looks, but Narayan reminds us that

appearances can be deceptive. True beauty is not about how someone looks, but about who

they are as a person.

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b) Value Character Over Appearance

Instead of focusing on how people look, we should focus on how they treat others.

Kindness, honesty, and intelligence are the real markers of beauty.

c) Beauty is Subjective

Different people find beauty in different things. What one person finds beautiful, another

might not. Therefore, beauty is not a fixed concept—it is different for everyone.

d) Be Kind and Compassionate

If you want to be truly beautiful, focus on developing good qualities rather than worrying

about your looks. A kind heart and a loving personality will always be more attractive than

physical beauty.

5. Conclusion: Beauty is More Than What Meets the Eye

R.K. Narayan’s Beauty and the Beast is a powerful reflection on the real meaning of beauty.

He teaches us that physical appearance is not as important as society makes it seem.

Instead, inner beauty—kindness, intelligence, and integrity—is what truly makes a person

beautiful.

In a world where people often focus on makeup, fashion, and external looks, Narayan’s

message is a reminder that real beauty lies within. Just like a bright mind, a pure heart, and

a loving nature, beauty is something that shines from the inside. If we learn to appreciate

this kind of beauty, we will see the world in a whole new way—one where the "beast" might

just turn out to be the most beautiful of all.

(b) Justify the title 'With a Song on their Lips' as used by Hugh and Colleen Gantzer.

Ans: Justifying the Title: "With a Song on Their Lips" by Hugh and Colleen Gantzer

Introduction

The title With a Song on Their Lips by Hugh and Colleen Gantzer is a meaningful and

symbolic phrase that reflects the theme of joy, resilience, and cultural richness in the essay.

It suggests that people, despite their struggles and hardships, find happiness and express

their emotions through music. The essay celebrates how communities use songs to preserve

their history, tell stories, and maintain their traditions.

In this detailed explanation, we will explore the deeper meaning behind the title, its

significance in the context of the essay, and the broader themes it represents. We will also

discuss examples, analogies, and real-life instances that help clarify the message conveyed

by the Gantzers.

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1. Meaning of the Title

The phrase With a Song on Their Lips can be broken down into two important ideas:

1. "With a Song" – This part of the title emphasizes the presence of music in people’s

lives. Music is a universal language that conveys emotions, traditions, and cultural

identity.

2. "On Their Lips" – This phrase highlights the act of singing. It implies that people

constantly carry music with them, using it as a way to express themselves, celebrate,

or even cope with difficulties.

Together, the title suggests that the people described in the essay live their lives with music,

finding joy and meaning through their songs.

2. Music as a Symbol of Happiness and Unity

a) Expression of Joy and Celebration

The Gantzers emphasize how music plays an important role in celebrations and happy

occasions. Whether it is festivals, weddings, or community gatherings, people come

together and sing.

Example:

In India, almost every festival has a musical tradition. During Diwali, people sing devotional

songs. In Punjab, Bhangra music and dance bring energy to celebrations. In Kerala,

traditional folk songs add charm to Onam festivities. This shows that music is a natural part

of joyful moments.

b) Bringing People Together

Music helps create a sense of unity among people. It connects individuals, regardless of

their differences, and strengthens social bonds.

Analogy:

Imagine a choir singing in harmony. Each person has a different voice, but when they sing

together, they create a beautiful melody. Similarly, music unites people in a way that

nothing else can.

c) A Shared Cultural Identity

The title also hints at how music helps communities preserve their culture. Many traditional

songs carry stories of the past, myths, and local history.

Example:

Folk songs in different regions of India tell the stories of warriors, gods, and historical

events. The Rajasthani Maand songs narrate tales of Rajput bravery, while Bengali Baul

songs explore philosophical and spiritual themes.

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3. Music as a Way to Overcome Hardships

While music is a source of joy, it is also a way to cope with difficulties. The title suggests that

even in tough times, people keep singing, showing their resilience and determination.

a) Songs of Hope and Encouragement

Throughout history, people have used music to express their struggles and keep their spirits

high. Songs provide hope, inspire courage, and motivate people to keep going.

Example:

During the Indian freedom movement, patriotic songs like Vande Mataram and Saare Jahan

Se Achha gave people strength and unity. The title With a Song on Their Lips could symbolize

how people continue to sing even when facing challenges.

b) Music as an Emotional Release

Music allows people to express their emotions, whether sadness, love, or nostalgia. Even

when people are heartbroken or in pain, they turn to songs for comfort.

Analogy:

Think of a rainy day. When it rains, the earth absorbs the water, just like how music absorbs

our sorrows. A sad song does not remove the pain, but it helps people express their feelings

and feel lighter.

4. Music in Everyday Life

The title also suggests that music is not just for special occasions—it is a part of daily life.

People sing while working, traveling, or even when alone.

a) Songs at Work

Many laborers, fishermen, and farmers sing while working. It helps them pass the time,

coordinate their movements, and stay motivated.

Example:

In Assam, tea plantation workers sing folk songs as they pick tea leaves. In Kerala, boatmen

sing Vanchipattu while rowing boats. This shows how music makes work enjoyable.

b) Lullabies and Childhood Songs

Even from birth, music plays a role in human life. Mothers sing lullabies to calm their babies.

These songs carry love, care, and warmth.

Example:

The famous lullaby Ninni Yaad Rakhna in Punjabi culture is sung by mothers to their

children. The words may change from region to region, but the emotions remain the same.

5. The Everlasting Power of Music

One of the most powerful ideas behind the title is that music never dies. Even when people

pass away, their songs continue to live.

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a) Songs Passed from Generation to Generation

Folk songs, religious hymns, and traditional melodies are passed down through generations,

keeping cultures alive.

Example:

The Bhakti and Sufi traditions in India have preserved spiritual songs for centuries. The

poems of Kabir, Mirabai, and Guru Nanak are still sung today, proving that music has an

eternal quality.

b) Music as a Legacy

Many legendary musicians and poets are remembered because of their songs. The impact of

their music lasts far beyond their lifetimes.

Example:

Rabindranath Tagore’s Rabindra Sangeet continues to inspire millions. Similarly, the songs

of classical musicians like Tansen and M.S. Subbulakshmi remain timeless.

6. Conclusion: Why the Title is Perfect

The title With a Song on Their Lips is a perfect representation of the essay’s message. It

captures the power of music in human life—its ability to bring joy, unite people, express

emotions, and provide comfort. Hugh and Colleen Gantzer use this phrase to emphasize

that music is more than just entertainment; it is an essential part of culture and life itself.

Final Thoughts:

• The title reflects the joy and spirit of people who use music as an expression of life.

• It highlights the role of songs in celebrations, work, and emotional healing.

• It shows that music is a bridge between the past and the present, keeping traditions

alive.

• It reminds us that even in the hardest times, people keep singing, proving their

strength and hope.

Just as birds greet the morning with songs and rivers create melodies as they flow, humans,

too, carry music with them. The title With a Song on Their Lips beautifully captures this

everlasting connection between music and life.

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VIII.(a) Bring out the element of humour in 'My Financial Career'.

(b) Describe the sufferings and hardships of AIDS patients and the people

connected with them.

Ans: (a) The Element of Humour in "My Financial Career"

Introduction

Stephen Leacock’s short story My Financial Career is a humorous account of a man’s

awkward experience at a bank. The story is told from the perspective of the narrator, who is

nervous and uncomfortable when dealing with financial matters. His anxiety and clumsy

behavior lead to a series of amusing mistakes, making the story a delightful piece of

humorous writing.

In this explanation, we will explore how Leacock creates humor in the story through

exaggeration, irony, self-deprecation, and absurd situations. We will also discuss how the

story reflects a universal human experience—our fear of dealing with formal institutions like

banks.

1. Overview of "My Financial Career"

The narrator decides to open a bank account for the first time. However, instead of feeling

confident, he becomes extremely nervous and confused. His awkwardness leads him to

make foolish mistakes, such as asking to see the manager without any reason, depositing

money only to withdraw it immediately, and leaving the bank in embarrassment. The humor

in the story arises from his exaggerated fear, his overreaction to simple banking procedures,

and his complete lack of self-assurance.

2. Use of Exaggeration in the Story

One of the main techniques Leacock uses to create humor is exaggeration. The narrator’s

nervousness is so extreme that it seems ridiculous.

a) Fear of the Bank as a Terrifying Institution

The narrator behaves as if entering a bank is like stepping into a dangerous place. He

describes his fear in a way that makes it sound much worse than it actually is.

Example:

When he enters the bank, he feels that the clerks, tellers, and managers are all watching

him suspiciously. In reality, no one in a bank cares about an ordinary customer, but his

exaggerated fear makes the situation funny.

Analogy:

It is like a child walking into a principal’s office for no reason and feeling guilty, even though

they have done nothing wrong. The narrator’s fear is amusing because the audience knows

that banks are not scary places, yet he behaves as if they are.

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b) Overreaction to Simple Situations

His actions become more ridiculous as the story progresses.

• He asks to see the bank manager as if he has something important to discuss. In

reality, he only wants to deposit a small amount of money.

• When the manager treats him seriously, he becomes even more nervous, making his

request seem unnecessary.

• His hands tremble while handling money, making him look suspicious even though

he is an ordinary customer.

This overreaction is funny because the audience knows that banking is a simple process, but

the narrator treats it like a life-threatening event.

3. Use of Irony to Create Humor

Irony is another key element of humor in My Financial Career. Irony occurs when there is a

difference between what is expected and what actually happens.

a) The Manager’s Seriousness vs. the Small Amount of Money

When the narrator asks to see the manager, the bank staff assumes that he is an important

person. The manager treats him with great respect and takes him to a private room.

However, when the narrator reveals that he only wants to deposit fifty-six dollars, the

situation becomes ironic and funny.

Example:

It is like someone entering a five-star hotel, asking to meet the head chef, and then ordering

a simple cup of tea. The seriousness of the situation does not match the reality, making it

amusing.

b) The Purpose of Opening an Account vs. the Outcome

The narrator goes to the bank with the purpose of depositing money safely. However, due

to his nervousness, he ends up withdrawing the money immediately after depositing it.

Instead of achieving his goal, he leaves the bank in a hurry, embarrassed and frustrated.

Example:

It is like a person buying an expensive smartphone, feeling scared to use it, and then

returning it the same day. The irony is that the narrator’s actions completely defeat the

purpose of his visit.

4. Self-Deprecating Humor

Self-deprecating humor is when someone makes fun of their own mistakes or weaknesses.

The narrator’s personality is full of self-doubt, and he constantly mocks himself, which

makes the story even funnier.

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a) His Lack of Confidence

The narrator describes himself as someone who cannot handle financial matters. Instead of

appearing confident, he behaves like a guilty criminal who is afraid of being caught.

Example:

He says that he is uncomfortable with "big institutions" like banks. This is funny because

banks are meant for ordinary people, yet he behaves as if they are only for rich

businessmen.

b) His Clumsy Behavior

The narrator’s actions make him look foolish, and he acknowledges this himself. He

describes how he hands his money to the teller in a nervous way and even makes mistakes

while filling out forms.

Example:

When withdrawing money, he confuses the teller by making unnecessary statements. His

nervousness makes it seem like he is doing something illegal, even though he is simply

withdrawing his own money.

Analogy:

It is like someone going to a grocery store, feeling nervous at the checkout, and stammering

while paying for vegetables as if they are committing a crime.

5. Absurd Situations and Their Comic Effect

The humor in My Financial Career also comes from the absurdity of the narrator’s actions.

His behavior is so unusual that it creates a sense of ridiculousness.

a) The Need to See the Manager

Ordinary customers do not need to meet the bank manager for small deposits. However,

the narrator insists on seeing the manager, which makes the situation funny.

b) Withdrawing Money Immediately After Depositing It

This is one of the most humorous parts of the story. The narrator finally manages to deposit

his money, but his anxiety makes him withdraw it right away. This is completely

unnecessary, making the situation absurd.

Example:

It is like a student entering an exam hall, writing their name on the answer sheet, and then

leaving the room without attempting any questions.

6. The Universality of the Humor

One of the reasons My Financial Career is so funny is that it reflects a common human

experience. Many people feel nervous in formal situations, such as visiting a bank, applying

for a job, or speaking in public. The narrator’s exaggerated nervousness is an extreme

version of what many people feel, which makes the story relatable and enjoyable.

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Example:

Many people feel anxious while speaking to customer service representatives, even though

they are just doing their job. Similarly, the narrator in the story makes a simple situation

unnecessarily complicated due to his fear.

7. Conclusion

Stephen Leacock’s My Financial Career is a masterful piece of humorous writing. The humor

in the story comes from exaggeration, irony, self-deprecating humor, and absurd situations.

The narrator’s nervousness and clumsiness turn an ordinary event—opening a bank

account—into a hilarious series of mistakes.

Key Takeaways:

• The narrator’s exaggerated fear of banks makes the story amusing.

• Irony plays a major role, as serious situations are met with ridiculous outcomes.

• The narrator’s lack of confidence and clumsy actions create self-deprecating humor.

• The absurdity of the events makes the story light-hearted and entertaining.

Ultimately, My Financial Career is not just about one man’s nervousness—it is about how

people often overthink simple situations. The humor in the story reminds us to laugh at our

own anxieties and not take life too seriously.

(b) Sufferings and Hardships of AIDS Patients and Their Families

Ans: Sufferings and Hardships of AIDS Patients and Their Families

Introduction

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a life-threatening condition caused by the

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This disease weakens the body's immune system,

making it difficult for a person to fight infections and illnesses. However, the physical pain of

AIDS is only one part of the struggle. The patients and their families also suffer emotionally,

socially, and financially.

In this discussion, we will explore the various hardships faced by AIDS patients and their

families. We will also provide examples and analogies to help understand the depth of their

suffering.

1. Physical Suffering of AIDS Patients

a) Weakening of the Immune System

The primary effect of AIDS is the weakening of the immune system. This means that even

minor infections, such as the common cold, can become severe and life-threatening.

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Example:

Imagine a soldier who has lost all his weapons and armor. He is now defenseless in a

battlefield full of enemies. Similarly, an AIDS patient’s body cannot defend itself against

infections.

b) Frequent Infections and Diseases

AIDS patients often suffer from:

• Chronic fever

• Pneumonia

• Tuberculosis

• Skin infections

• Weight loss

• Severe fatigue

These illnesses make everyday activities like walking, eating, and even sleeping difficult.

c) Side Effects of Medications

Although there is no complete cure for AIDS, medicines called antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)

help slow down the progress of the disease. However, these medicines have side effects like

nausea, diarrhea, headaches, and dizziness, adding to the patient's suffering.

2. Emotional and Psychological Hardships

a) Fear and Anxiety

When someone is diagnosed with AIDS, they often experience extreme fear. They worry

about their future, their health, and how society will treat them. This fear can lead to

anxiety and depression.

Example:

Imagine being told that you have a disease that people fear and misunderstand. You might

feel hopeless and scared about what will happen next.

b) Feelings of Isolation

Many AIDS patients feel lonely because even their close friends and relatives avoid them.

People hesitate to touch them, fearing that they might "catch" the disease, even though HIV

does not spread through casual contact.

c) Depression and Hopelessness

Knowing that AIDS has no cure can lead to depression. Patients might feel that their life is

meaningless. In extreme cases, some even think about suicide.

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Example:

It is like being trapped in a dark tunnel with no visible exit. The lack of hope can break a

person emotionally.

3. Social Hardships

a) Stigma and Discrimination

AIDS is often seen as a disease that results from "wrong" behavior, such as drug use or

unsafe relationships. Because of this, society sometimes blames the patients instead of

supporting them.

• People may refuse to shake hands with an AIDS patient.

• Patients may be removed from their jobs.

• Children of AIDS patients may be bullied in school.

Example:

Imagine a student who failed an exam due to illness, but instead of helping, everyone in the

class makes fun of them. This is how society treats many AIDS patients.

b) Loss of Job and Income

When an AIDS patient is unable to work due to their illness, they might lose their job. Many

companies do not hire people with HIV/AIDS because of fear and ignorance.

• This makes it difficult for them to afford treatment.

• Their families also suffer financially.

c) Difficulty in Relationships

• Many AIDS patients find it difficult to get married because people fear the disease.

• If someone is already married, their spouse might leave them after knowing about

the illness.

• Even within families, patients are sometimes treated as outcasts.

Example:

It is like being abandoned by your own team during a crisis, instead of being helped and

supported.

4. Financial Hardships for Patients and Their Families

a) High Cost of Treatment

• AIDS treatment is lifelong and includes expensive medicines and regular hospital

visits.

• Many people in poorer countries cannot afford proper care.

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b) Loss of Earnings

• If the patient is the main earning member of the family, their illness can leave the

family in a financial crisis.

• In many cases, children are forced to drop out of school to earn money.

Example:

Imagine a car that suddenly stops working, but you still have to pay for fuel, repairs, and

parking. The burden of maintaining it becomes too much, just like the financial burden of

treating AIDS.

c) Burden on Caregivers

• Family members may have to leave their jobs to take care of the patient.

• This adds to their financial difficulties.

• It also causes emotional stress and exhaustion.

5. Impact on Children and Family Members

a) Emotional Trauma for Children

• If a parent has AIDS, the children might feel ashamed or embarrassed due to

society’s judgment.

• In many cases, children become orphans when both parents die from the disease.

b) Loss of Education and Opportunities

• Due to financial problems, children of AIDS patients may be forced to drop out of

school.

• They might have to start working at a young age to support their family.

Example:

Imagine a bright student who dreams of becoming a doctor but is forced to work as a

laborer because their parent is sick. The disease not only affects the patient but also

destroys the future of their family.

c) Social Isolation of the Family

• Families of AIDS patients also face discrimination.

• They may be avoided by neighbors and relatives.

Example:

It is like being punished for a crime you never committed. The family suffers because of

society’s lack of understanding.

6. The Need for Awareness and Support

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a) Educating People About AIDS

One of the biggest problems is lack of awareness. Many people still believe in myths about

how AIDS spreads. Educating the public can help reduce stigma.

• HIV does not spread through touch, sharing food, or sitting together.

• It spreads through unprotected sex, infected needles, and from mother to child

during birth.

b) Role of Government and NGOs

• Free or low-cost treatment should be provided.

• Awareness campaigns should be conducted.

• People should be encouraged to support and care for AIDS patients.

c) Emotional Support and Counseling

• Patients should receive psychological counseling to help them cope with depression.

• Families should also be guided on how to take care of their loved ones.

7. Conclusion

AIDS is not just a medical problem; it is a social, emotional, and financial struggle for

patients and their families. The sufferings include:

1. Physical pain and frequent illnesses

2. Emotional stress and depression

3. Social discrimination and stigma

4. Financial difficulties and loss of income

5. Hardships faced by family members and children

Final Message:

AIDS patients do not deserve isolation or judgment. Instead, they need love, support, and

understanding. Society must work together to create awareness, reduce stigma, and help

patients live a life of dignity.

Just as a candle loses nothing by lighting another candle, we lose nothing by showing

kindness and compassion to those suffering from AIDS.

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